Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1502 Words

Drug use has always remained an issue of controversy as it centers on the health and wellbeing of all human life in our nation. The dynamic of whether we should legalize marijuana for recreational use is evident and typically harmful. The American Academy of Pediatricians has summarized in a statement some of the negative effects stemming from marijuana use for youths. As well as a report from the national Fatality Analysis Reporting System, which has confirmed that consuming marijuana can remain at times more fatal than drinking while under the influence of alcohol. There is also the issue of foodborne illnesses in the edible products involving marijuana sold in Colorado, which has led to either overconsumption, increase in overdoses or both resulting from the use of marijuana. Although, cannabis may be considered a beneficial drug in the medical profession to a point, marijuana used as a recreational drug has serious side effects to individuals and the results can be harmful i f misused. Recreational marijuana use has an overabundance of different major side effects that can be potentially dangerous if left to people with a lack of responsibility, and in the hands of human beings with the possibility of self-destruction. Hence, with this powerful ability comes consequences that people fail to think about when mistreatment over a lengthy period by individuals of marijuana use is exceeded, that this drug could result in impairment of judgement, in body parts shuttingShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that mar ijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Negative Leadership Essay - 1132 Words

Introduction Organizational leaders across the world need to be self aware of their own negative leadership behavior in order to improve and combat the issue. Most leaders have been promoted or hired into their management roles because they are highly competent and have proven themselves to be successful (Brusman, 2011). In general, negative leadership behavior is the result of poor communication skills and lack of emotional intelligence on the part of the leader (Brusman, 2011). In order for a leader to improve their negative leadership behavior they need to realize when they have made a mistake and strive to not make the same mistake twice. The Experience In my current position as a technician for a large telecommunications†¦show more content†¦A team’s success will decline once respect for their supervisor or manager has been lost. Unfortunately once the damage has been done it could take several years to resolve or it might never be resolved. I have also observed the negative leadership behavior of lack of follow through on behalf of my supervisor. Every single week my supervisor threatens to take away the company vehicle privilege of anybody on our team that doesn’t achieve their productivity and repeat numbers. Every week there is always someone on our team that doesn’t make their numbers but my supervisor never follows through and doesn’t take away their vehicle privileges. The lack of follow through by my supervisor creates a situation in which the employees feel that they don’t have to make their numbers because they know they won’t be punished. In the eyes of the employees my supervisor is nothing but talk, as he fails to follow through. Supportive Research In general most leaders that are unsuccessful struggle in the area of effective communication and also lack emotional intelligence (Brusman, 2011). Negative leadership behavior can occur when emotions are not kept in check. As stated by Brusman, â€Å"Speaking when angry and using emotional volatility as a management tool is a bad habit† (Brusman, 2011, para 15). Speaking whenShow MoreRelatedNegative Leadership in the Workforce900 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Leadership in the Workforce Opening The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Leadership as the power or ability to lead other people. However, a person’s power or leadership ability can be influenced by different factors. These factors range from something as simple as the mood the leader is in that day to the culture the leader grew up in. These factors can trigger either positive or negative behavior in both the leader and/or their team members. These factors may also affect the leaderRead MoreThe Negative Leadership Experience794 Words   |  3 PagesThe Negative Leadership Experience Workplace characteristics distinguish one leader from another. Some leaders possess positive and motivating behaviors whereas other leaders possess behaviors that are more negative. Negative behaviors can affect creativity deficiencies and alter employee morale. A positive behavior, however, will encourage bringing out the best in others. By doing so, the leader endorses a positive culture that permeates confidence and motivation. The behavior, positive orRead MoreEssay on Negative Leadership Behavior901 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Leadership Behavior There are many examples of poor leadership behavior in today’s workplace. Inadequate leadership can be detrimental not only to a team within an organization, but also to the entire organization itself. I believe it is vital for upper management to ensure that their leaders are properly trained and aware of how to handle certain situations and employees. When a leader’s weaknesses are overlooked, large problems occur. Example of Negative Leadership At my previousRead MoreAn Example Of A Negative Leadership Behavior1482 Words   |  6 PagesHaving to deal with a negative behavioral leader in time can only make the workday as agonizing for those of us around them. Such behavior is deemed to cause lower organizational productivity as well as employee declined confidence and morale. Details of the experience An example of a negative leadership behavior I encountered some time ago now, I was in charge for running the front office of a local furniture store which consisted of responsibilities for various cash registers, accounting dutiesRead MoreNegative Leadership Behavior Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesFor my example of a negative leadership behavior I have encountered, I am going to use an example from my current position, and will therefore mask certain details to protect all involved. However, I assure you the pertinent facts are here and are not embellished. The experience: Unfortunately I cannot pinpoint just one example, as this has been an ongoing problem for me. In a nutshell, my direct supervisor, who has a reactive personality, has a tendency to view all situations with an attitudeRead MoreEssay about Negative Leadership Behavior1074 Words   |  5 PagesThe extreme leadership style of the Authoritarian can have a negative effect on team members. A characteristic of this leader is one who makes all the decisions and passes the directives to subordinates who are expected to carry these out under very close supervision. Because open communication is vital to any project, these perceptions can hurt team performance. The experience with my negative leader I will name Mohammad Smith the Authoritarian. I have learned as much from this poor leaderRead MoreNegative Leadership and Youth Sports Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pagescoaches are coaching to win at all cost, regardless of the impact on the child. What is even more concerning is that the parents of the children support this coaching philosophy. This poor coaching style has a significant impact on how a child views leadership, and impacts how they develop as a leader. The biggest problem we face in youth sports is an emphasis on winning at all cost. Success is the only option and failure is unacceptable. In the words of Ricky Bobby, â€Å"If you ain’t first your last†(TalladegaRead MoreLeadership Expectations And The Negative Impact Of Gender Bias For Women Essay2039 Words   |  9 PagesLeadership Expectations and the Negative Impact of Gender Bias for Women Kimberly N. Ramirez ORGL4400-A Contemporary Issues in Organizational Leadership Elizabeth M. Stork, Ph.D. Robert Morris University December 16, 2016â€Æ' Abstract As society moves away from authoritative leadership and into transformational leadership style preferences that grant wider success of employee retention, morale, and growth, women’s natural skill sets are demonstrably more successful in filling the job. However, womenRead MorePositive and Negative Reinforcement in Leadership Styles Essay example1465 Words   |  6 PagesPositive and Negative Reinforcement in Leadership Styles Abstract This paper highlights several different reinforcement styles in leadership designed to motivate employees to achieve goals successfully. Positive reinforcement (sometimes called a reward system or compensation system) can involve the use of rewards, such as pay increases, various incentives or recognition, as a motivator. Negative reinforcement will sometimes use scare tactics or abuse, such as public humiliation or the threatRead MoreGender Inequality And The Corporate World : How Do You Feel About Women Holding Higher Positions Within Corporations?1516 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipate equally in the workforce. Allowing women full access to all occupations, including leadership roles is another way to ensure equal treatment for women. Since the early 1900’s, Legislations goal has been to alleviate gender inequality in the work place. With this goal set, Legislation has made substantial improvements towards gender equality in the workforce. According to the article, The Women’s Leadership Gap, by Judith Warner, the overall ranking for women’s economic participation places the

RSV Is the Leading VIral Agent Respiratory Tract Disease...

Epidemiology: RSV plays a major role in respiratory infection among the childhood population, especially infants and younger children. It is the leading viral agent respiratory tract disease worldwide, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. There are about 100,000 cases and 4,500 deaths yearly of RSV infections in the United States (1). Typically, all children are infected with RSV by age 2 to 3; however, the infections can reemerge up to 5 to 6 per year. RSV was first extracted from chimpanzees that were showing upper respiratory tract disease as an agent in 1956 (1). The chimpanzees had an upper respiratory tract illness in addition to coryza, runny nose, and malaise. The humans that interacted with these†¦show more content†¦How RSV works: . The F (fusion) glycoprotein is responsible for membrane fusion such as viral penetration and syncytium formation. The G (glycoprotein) protein is responsible for viral attachment and a major antigenic determinant of RSV since it induces protective antibodies (3). The SH (small hydrophobic) protein, matrix protein (M), and the M2 protein are envelope-associated proteins that are not involved in viral attachment or syncytium formation (3). Other proteins such as the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and the large nucleoprotein (L) are in the nucleocapsid. NS-1 and NS-2 are non-structure protein that is only found in the infected cells but not present in virions (3). RSV activation: RSV comes into the airway epithelium from the apical side only and aims to destroy the ciliated epithelia cells (4). Then RSV buds and releases the virus from the apical surface (4). RSV is caused by TLR3 activation. It initiates infections by binding to a cellular receptor and then the viral envelope fuses with the plasma membrane. The virus attaches the cell through the main protein, the G protein and fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell through the F protein. After penetration, the nucleocapsid of the virus is released into the cytoplasm where replication occurs (3). The viral RNA is like a template for mRNA (3). The mRNA’s job is to translate the viral proteins and complementary RNA serves as a template for virion RNAShow MoreRelatedRespiratory Syncytial Virus ( Rsv )1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is considered the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. Each year, 4-5 million children younger than 4 years acquire an RSV infection, and more than 125,000 are hospitalized annually in the United States because of this infection. (Medscape, 2016). Etiology RSV is the most common cause of LRTI’s leading to morbidity and mortality in children across the world. Most children have acquired an RSV infectionRead MoreCommunity Acquired Pneumonia18251 Words   |  74 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases prevalent nowadays and affects all ages. It is an acute or chronic infection of one or both lungs caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria or chemical irritants. (Schmitt, 2011) It has different types, and one of them is Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). CAP is a disease in which individuals who have not recently been hospitalized develop an infection of the lungs. It occurs because the areas of the lung

Caffeine Inhibited Saccharomyces Cerevisiae s Dna Repair...

Caffeine inhibited Saccharomyces cerevisiae’s DNA repair system by disrupting its recombinational process post UV-irradiation Alexa Alana, Annie Cribb, Tommy Paranzino Biology 131- L8 ABSTRACT Saccharomyces cerevisiae was tested for the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the presence of caffeine to observe whether the drug would enhance or inhibit the DNA’s recombinational repair process after the yeast has experienced UV damage. We hypothesized that caffeine would obstruct the yeast’s DNA repair process by interrupting its recombinational process post UV-irradiation, and we predicted that increasing caffeine levels would decrease percent survival. By exposing the yeast to three different caffeine concentrations (0, 5, and 10 mM) at 1x104 microjoules/cm2 of UV irradiation, we measured the effects of caffeine dosage on DNA repair. We reported that an increase in the caffeine concentration level causes a decrease in the percent survival, supporting our hypothesis. Caffeine, therefore, can be perceived as a model compound in the nullification of DNA-damage checkpoints. Moreover, the inhibition of the recombinational repair process provides a molecular e xplanation for the reduction of DNA-damage checkpoint responses and for the increased UV-sensitivity of caffeine-treated yeast cells. INTRODUCTION Ultraviolet (UV) light is an intermediate source of energy that can damage cells. The DNA in cells is especially sensitive to UV irradiation. The rings of the

Understanding Corporate Communications- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theUnderstanding Corporate Communications forObjectives. Answer: Introduction Corporate communications is an integrated communication approach between an enterprise and its key internal and external stakeholders. Typically, every company has a set of missions, visions, and goals, which it means to pursue[1]. It is the role of the corporate communications department to understand the companys intended strategic direction and create synergy by communicating clearly to the various stakeholders in order to achieve success[2]. This essay will thus explore the functions of corporate communication and how it could very well define the success of an organization using British airways reorganization in 1987 as a case study. It will explain the relationship between a firms mission, vision, and goals to its communications strategy. More to this, the paper will go on further to expound on the various internal and external stakeholders of a company; their roles and impact on the firm. Lastly, it will look at the various disciplines in corporate communications such as corpo rate social responsibility and public relations and mention real examples. Corporate missions, purpose and objectives Organizations develop an individualistic foundation of plausible values demonstrated by a vision to be undertaken by the firms mission statement[3]. The former coupled with goals setting is particularly significant in the strategic direction of a company. Therefore, the corporate communications practitioners must familiarize with these three important aspects in order for it to carry out its task. Goals are generally guiding principles not only for management but also for employees in terms of establishing precise direction and coordination of activities within the firm. On a competitive viewpoint goals help in distinguishing a company from its rivals[4]. It provides motivation and understanding of what employees should be working towards achieving. According to Kokemuller (2009), goals also drive innovation, research, and development, marketing strategy as well as service delivery. This in turn gives the organization an upper hand in the market position. The mission statement, on the other hand, defines the fundamental objectives of the organization[5]. In brief, it summarizes what the company is about, the way of operation, its core values and how the organizations intend to achieve its vision. Therein, the vision narrates the future of organizations in fulfillment of its mission. Comprehensively, the mission, vision and goals of a company in essences describe a company to its employees, management, shareholders let alone the public[6]. A well-fabricated statement of these three aspects would, however, be purposeless if not properly conveyed to the stakeholder, hence, the need for corporate communications department in a company. For that reason, corporate communications has to work hand in hand with the senior management to deliver the companys objectives effectively. British Airways is the largest airline in the UK formed in 1974 and currently operating a fleet of 270 aircrafts (Britishairways.com, 2018). During the 1970s oil crisis, British Airways experienced massive financial losses as it struggled to maintain its large workforce. It developed poor services that led to a decrease in customer base. When Lord King, was brought in as the new chairpersons in 1981 he restructured the entire organization. He reduced the workforce, eliminated routes that were unprofitable and modernized fleet. This lead to massive increase in profits to $284 million 10 years later, recorded as the largest profits during that time. This success can be attributed to the ability of lord king to communicate effectively to all shareholders of the company. He clearly explained the new vision of the company while making clear his reasons for restructuring and layoffs in a transparent way. From this illustration, it is clear that communication is a key factor for any strateg y an organization chooses to undertake. The role of corporate communications in modern organizations As mentioned earlier, importance is accorded to the various stakeholders of a company due to their ability to shape the companys operations[7]. Internal stakeholders include, employees, managers and shareholders. There have been rapid changes in the work force over the last century whereby the new generation of employees demands more than just monetary gain from their workplace[8]. Whilst previously, money was a motivator for most people, recent developments are that satisfaction of employees can be linked to the company values and culture. Other factors leading to employee satisfaction include, leadership, opportunities for career advancement, security, fair treatment and welfare (Chamberlain 2017). Poor organizational communication could be detrimental to an organization as it could lead to a breakdown in trust between workers and management, low productivity, inefficiency and ultimately high turnover. Corporate practitioners are obliged to take into account the various need of the se employees and communicate the same to managers. Every stakeholder has certain needs with regards to the corporation. All these need should be well articulated by the corporate communications department for the advancement and success of the company. Shareholders, including individual, institutional and general investors have a right to be provided with information concerning the company on a timely, equal and comprehensible manner. Information to be provided to shareholders includes financial information, strategic direction, performance, corporate governance and risk management measures. The corporate communications department has a responsibility to ensure that shareholders are provided with information in order for them to make informed decisions about their investment in the company. Communications could be via any channel accessible to the shareholders such as the annual reports, annual general meeting or any other meeting necessary to them. Notably, constant sharing of information with the shareholder leads to transparency and better working relationships with the organization. External stakeholders include, the customers, the media, the general public, labor unions. The world has changed and the whole media matrix has changed too. The media has always works as an important catalyst in communication to external stakeholders. It can either serves as a platform to advertise a brand or as a tool to convey important information to the public (Frederick 2018). Undoubtedly though the media is an instrument for growth of a firm, it could be the means to the downfall of a company. In truth, yet unfortunate, the media thrives on the negative news. A media house may jump at an opportunity to publicize bad new since it sells more. The corporate communications personnel in a company has a role to play in managing what the media covers about the organization to maintain the reputation of the company. Media could be in the form of print media, televised media or social media. Functions of corporate communications personnel in this case extends over to organizing for news conferences, planning for banners, logistic and overall content to be sent out to the press. Media relations also involve organizing for a spokesperson for a televised program or radio program[9]. In crisis management, the way in which an organization deals with crisis could be the very indication of its survival and profitability in the future or the thread line by which the company crumbles. Corporate communication though a relatively new mantra in the corporate world is meant to assist the organization in times of crisis[10]. Labor related unrest is the most crisis faced by organizations across the globe. Some other forms of crisis would include pollution of environment by the firm, critical accidents at work, violence and layoffs. It encompasses strikes, violence or picketing by the public, labor unions or employees. Crisis is brought about by a breakdown in communication and should be addressed immediately but with caution. The corporate communication provides content and training to staff throughout out the organization on how to handle crisis. They also provide content for delivery in media coverage. In crisis involving employee strikes, for instance, it would be advisa ble for communication to not be on sided. Communication should reflect the standpoint of not only the management but the employees as well. Crisis management strategy laid out by the communication personnel should be quick, honest, transparent and non- biased. Further more, communication to management on crisis should be a continuous regular process and not a one-time action for it to be effective. Corporate social responsibility refers to business practice that surpasses making profits. It requires that an organist ion should be socially and environmentally responsible in their operations. While corporate social responsibility should be an independent function, it can be leveraged for corporate communication gains. Pursuing Corporate social responsibility could have extensive benefits for a firm in branding it self. Corporate social responsibility necessitates the need for an organization to understand the implications of its operations on the environment. It appreciates preventative measures and technologies that are environmental friendly. Moreover a companys participations in community projects wins over the societies loyalty towards the corporation. Other than actively engaging in community projects and environment conservation movements Corporate social responsibility involves shinning light on inclusivity. A move aimed at appreciating diversity in gender identities and s exual orientations, variations in culture and translating the same in recruitment of the workforce. It is a strategic movement that involves the firm spending part of its revenue in non- income generating activities which eventually through loyalty of customers translates into more revenue. Ultimately for a company to thrive it must establish a good reputation with the customers, workforce, employees, shareholders, media and the public[11]. They are the opinion makers and shapers. Framing of the reputation is works do the public relations department. Public relations are about earning the respect of the media and public and are very different form advertising. Whereas advertising involves payment for exposure, Public relations entails a strategic approach in publicizing the organization in tactics that draw positive attention[12]. Companies need to have long term indicators of their success instead of short term revenue gains. Public relations contribute to the perceptions that are shaped by media and opinion makers, socio-cultural publics and public affairs, that is government relations[13]. Since public relations involve communication it is also a function integrated within the corporate communications task. An introduction to corporate structures and corporate governance Corporate governance is a system by which a company is directed and controlled. The objective of corporate governance is to make superior decisions that make a corporation more competitive and successful in the long run[14]. One of the key issues that drive a company to success is the establishment of a systematic functional flow of information. It is there essential for there to be proper communications channels for information flow that is accurately and timely delivered. Prosperity in the end for corporate governance can be looked at in whether it was able to achieve what it set out to do and the effectiveness of the strategy. Good corporate governance gives investors confidence and encourages them to invest more capital in the firm. Moreover, it saves on cost and leads to efficiency and effectiveness which consequently translates into more revenue for the corporation[15]. Corporations are designed to create profit while at the same time deliver value to the shareholders. In so doing they drive economic growth. As a corporation grows, they attract investors that provide capital for the continued development while giving the investors an opportunity to make profit[16]. There are three principal groups that govern corporations, these are; management, shareholders, and board of directors. The relationships of the three groups are defined in a corporations own charter and bylaws. Each company is different but they all have government superintendence. The management is tasked with the responsibility to plan, control, organize and monitor day-to-day activities of a company. Board of directors has the obligation to hire the CEO of a company as well as the managers. More over, they are responsible in assessing the overall direction and strategy set by the managers selected and ensure that the decisions made are in the best interest of the shareholders. They al so set the companys vision, mission and goals. Shareholders are also known as owners of the company, this is because they invest in the corporation by buying stock. They are the body responsible for electing the board of directors[17]. Conclusion In conclusion, the corporate communications department is commissioned to bring together all the different aspects and functions of a company into a single workforce via communication. The communication practitioners in conjunction with the management have an opportunity to recognize and diagnosed communication related issues and develop strategies to solve them. It is through clear divulgence of information to the various stakeholders that the company will be able to achieve synergy in working towards the actualization of goals it has set. Finally, the structure of an organization gives grounding for take off. This means that the core structure of the organization has a direct effect on the future performance of the company. Therefore, selection of board members, CEOs as well as management of a company should be weighed upon heavily as they could be the reason for success or failure of a company. References Bergstrom, guy. 2018. "Beginner's Guide To Basic Public Relations".The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-public-relations-and-how-do-you-do-it-2295982. Chamberlain, Andrew. 2017. "What Matters More To Your Workforce Than Money".Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2017/01/what-matters-more-to-your-workforce-than-money. Cornelissen, Joep. 2004.Corporate Communication. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Cornelissen, Joep. 2004.Corporate Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Frederick, Ann. 2018. "What Are The Functions Of A Corporate Communication Department?".Smallbusiness.Chron.Com. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/functions-corporate-communication-department-23716.html. Friedman, Benjamin M. 2009.Corporate Capital Structures In The United States. University of Chicago Press. Drucker, Poel. 1994. The theory of the business, Harvard BusinessReview, Sep. Oct, pp. 95 104 Wright, Joel. 2002. Mission and reality and why not?, Journal of ChangeManagement, 3, 1, pp. 30-44 Keasey, Kevin. 2007.Corporate Governance. 9th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kokemuller, Neil. 2009. "Why Is Goal Setting Important In Organizations?".Yourbusiness.Azcentral.Com. https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/goal-setting-important-organizations-9317.html. Perera, Shalini. 2011.Corporate Ownership And Control. 6th ed. Singapore: World Scientific. Riel, Cees B. M. van. 2011.Principles Of Corporate Communication. London: Prentice Hall. "Roles And Responsibilities Of Board Directors". 2013.Brefigroup.Co.Uk. https://www.brefigroup.co.uk/directors/directors_roles_and_responsibilities.html. Sabrautzki, Stefan. 2010.Strategies, Mission, Vision, Goals. Mu?nchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Shani, Abraham B, Debra A Noumair, and W. Warner Burke. n.d.Research In Organizational Change And Development. Tallant, James. 2011.Importance Of Vision, Mission, And Values In Strategic Direction. Munich: GRIN Verlag. Ushanov, P. V. 2015. "Crisis Management As A New Management Paradigm".Effective Crisis Management, no. 1: 66. doi:10.17747/2078-8886-2010-1-66-79. References Britishairways.com. (2018). History and heritage | Information | British Airways. [online] Available at: https://www.britishairways.com/es-es/information/about-ba/history-and-heritage [Accessed 15 Apr. 2018].

Critically examine the contributions of Adam Smith and John Keynes free essay sample

Essay topic: ‘critically examine the contributions of adam smith and john keynes to the study of the political economy and describe their contribution to current management practice. ’ introduction the names adam smith and john maynard keynes are considered to be two of the biggest influences of economics to date. Their contributions to the workings of society are unable to be quantified and although they have lived their lives, their work has seen the western world shape into what it is today. In this essay i pick out key parts of their work and critically discuss their influences on the inner workings of the world and society. Ealth of nations smith’s magnum opus an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, gained immediate success and the first edition sold out after only six months. Shortly after, the wealth of nations was translated into italian, french, german and many other languages. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically examine the contributions of Adam Smith and John Keynes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The book contains two major features; firstly, it provides a detailed examination of the mechanisms of the economy. Secondly, it details policy recommendations in favour of laissez- ­? Faire trade, that is, trade that is free ofgovernment restrictions. Shortly after the release of the wealth of nations, what are described today as western economies stopped economic stagnation dead in its tracks and the rate of growth of these nations increased at a dramatic rate. (see appendix 1. 1) this movement was then dubbed ‘the beginning of the industrial revolution. ’ (skousen, 2007) through smith’s study of the political economy he created the field of study that is known today as economics. He claimed that the purpose of economics was to â€Å"first, enable the people to supply a plentiful revenue for themselves and, second, to endow the state with sufficient revenue To provide public services. † (pettinger et al. 2012) it was to fulfill these purposes that he wrote a wealth of nations. The first fundamental theorem of welfare economics in his world wide accredited book, a wealth of nations, smith was in support of putting a stop to mercantilism in favour laissez- ­? Faire trade. Skousen argues, â€Å"mercantilism was antigrowth and shortsighted† (skousen 2007, p. 10) and only â€Å"[benefited] the producers and monopolists. † smith proposed that the key to economic prosperity is via ‘natural liberty. ’ this natural liberty involved the free movement of labour, capital, money and goods. He believed in the Natural workings of the market and that they should be left alone by government. Smith (1776 [1993], p. 423) wrote ‘by pursuing his own self interest, every individual is lead by an invisible hand to promote the public interest. † this invisible hand theory went on to be known as the first fundamental theorem of welfare economics. Smith explains his invisible hand theory via highlighting the relevance of mutual dependence via a simplistic statement; â€Å"it is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their self- ­? Interest. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 22) smith Aimed to provide growth and that is part of the purpose of the first fundamental theorem of welfare, to increase prosperity through growth. Smiths ‘invisible hand’ framework could only be achieved through a capitalist state and a competitive market base. Raphael (1985, p. 46) wrote, â€Å"this process is most successful when left to the play of natural forces, [smiths] analysis leads him to urge governments to let well alone. † given a non- ­? Barrier entry to a genuinely competitive market, high profits will encourage new entrants, driving profits down. Analogously, low profits or losses will discourage entrants and perhaps cause current Participants to leave the market, driving profit back up. The result is that through natural market forces, an equilibrium quantity and price for a commodity is naturally set by the market. Note that this new price and quantity is optimally efficient. As brilliant as smith was the perfectly competitive market structure did contain it’s flaws and could never truly occur in the workings of society. He was not naive in this fact and wrote that â€Å"people of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public in some contrivance to rise prices. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 232) even in this day and age capitalist governments will sometimes force a barrier to enter to some form of the market, a current example is the delivery of mail in the us, which is restricted and can only be carried out by the usps (united states postal service). Although a perfectly competitive market is impossible to truly achieve, there exists non- ­? Perfect competitive markets for which smith’s first fundamental theory of welfare economics still applies. The division of labour smith believed that economic growth was dependent on the division of labour. As the scale of the division of labour was restricted to the size Of the market base, it would follow transitive logic that continual economic growth required an ever growing market base. This division of labour had dire consequences to workers who had to complete mind numbing and repetitive tasks in their daily work. Smith claimed that the labourer â€Å"has no occasion to exert his understanding†¦ and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 782) this effect of the division of labour became known as ‘alienation. ’ emile durkheim argued, â€Å"the increasing division of labour has enormous implications for the structure of society.† (pettinger 2012, p. 100) the division of labour that smith refers to is considered an ‘abnormal’ form of the division of labour to durkheim. In the division of labour in society, durkheim argues, â€Å"there [is] no necessary correlation between increased division of labour and decreasing solidarityà ¢â‚¬  (pettinger 2012, p. 101) if anything, the structures of the division of labour could be reworked to increase solidarity and use interdependence as a positive influence in the workforce. The key to providing solidarity is through the range of skills and capabilities in the working group of civilization. This is supported by durkheim, â€Å"the Sole cause then determining how labour is divided up is the diversity of abilities. † (durkheim, 1893 [1997] p. 313) a range of abilities is thus key to fight the effects of alienation. It is of belief that smith was aware of this well before durkheim wrote the division of labour in society. While smith was a true believer in the free and open market, he was no pure libertarian. He acknowledged the government’s role in society for purposes such as law, national defence and public works and education. In a wealth of nations he distinguished education in terms of its purpose specifically to stamp out alienation when he wrote in favor Of â€Å"universal public education to counter the alienating and mentally degrading effects of specialization (division of labour) under capitalism. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 734 – 735) through further education, the ‘diversity of abilities’ discussed earlier can be enhanced, which results in turn, to a decrease in alienation. Spending vs. Saving and government persuasion. Smith explores the contrast of spending and saving in a wealth of nations. He is fearful of excessive spending and argues that it â€Å"can lead to insufficient capital for growth or the existing numbers of productive labour. † (raphael 1985) it is important to note here That the spending that smith refers to is non- ­? Inclusive of spending in investment, it refers to consumption only. Smith delves into why we spend and argues, â€Å"the principle, which prompts to expense, is the passion for present enjoyment. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 341) smith also explores the idea that people save in order to increase their standing of living and implies that saving, to a certain extent, is a natural part of human nature; â€Å"the principle which prompts us to save, is the desire of bettering our condition, a desire which†¦ comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us until we go into the grave† (smith 1776 [1993]  P. 341). Whilst smith implies it is a natural instinct to save, the government’s reserve bank actually plays a role in creating incentives to spend or save. They are able to do this through monetary policy. The effect on providing an incentive to spend or save may or may not be a direct consequence of the implementa tion of monetary and fiscal policy. For example, an economies reserve bank can use monetary policy in order to increase or restrict the supply of money, thus affecting the cash rate and in turn affecting ones incentive to spend or save. Rationally speaking, if the cash rate and in turn the interest rate available for Savings is high, one is more inclined to save their money. This goes analogously for a low cash rate, which provides incentives to spend, as the opportunity cost of spending money is less. Low interest rates also provide incentive to borrow and invest in capital. While the intention was not to completely discredit smith, as this use of monetary policy came about well after his time, it appears that the desire which ‘comes with us from the womb’ to save can in fact be intentionally or unintentionally influenced by the government. The biggest threat to capitalism – karl marx in the century following that of the life of adam smith, Came the biggest threat to his workings, karl marx. Skousen highlights the comparison between marx and smith, â€Å"smith argued that the individuals pursuit of self interest would lead to an outcome beneficial to all, where as marx argued that the pursuit of self interest would lead to anarchy, crisis and the dissolution of the private property based system itself. † (skousen 2007, p. 66) marx was a firm believer in the communist state. He believed that the capitalist system only benefited the rich and took advantage of the poor. When comparing economies of varying economic freedom, it can be found that the higher degree of freedom in The economy, the higher the countries per capita gdp (see appendix 1. 2). Note that per capita gdp is a common measure of the standard of living. Furthermore when comparing the percentage of the whole us population with basic utilities such as water, electricity as well as basic needs such as refrigeration and a household toilet, with the us population that were considered to be ‘poor’ with the same utilities and basic needs, the numbers are undeniably in favor of capitalism (see appendix 1. 3). For example the whole of the us population with flush toilets went from 15% in 1900 to 99% of the population who were considered poor. In Conclusion, â€Å"free economies are richer. † (skousen year, p. 31) this goes onto support capitalism and smith’s first fundamental theorem of welfare economics. Smith argued â€Å"both rich and poor benefit from a liberal economic system† (skousen year, p. 34) and that â€Å"universal opulence†¦ extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people. (smith 1776, p. 11) it is clear that the poor also benefit from a capitalist state and whilst marx is still considered a genius by many, some of his views were, in fact quite extreme. Capitalism takes another hit – john maynard keynes to the rescue adam smiths lassez- ­? Faire market framework falls under Siege again, this time not by man, but by the great depression of the 1930’s. â€Å"in the middle of the great depression, the best and the brightest intellectuals embraced marxism, but not keynes. † (skousen 2007, p. 157) while keynes was attempting to write his own theory into the frameworks of the economy, the general theory of employment, interest and money, he unintentionally saves the faith in the open market at the time. John maynard keynes did not have faith in the ability of the free and open market to correct itself and knew that it was inherently unstable, but nor was he a believer in the communist state backed by marx. (skousen  2007) keynes solution to the mass unemployment of the 1930’s (in some nations more than 25%) was simple, yet not thought of by any other great mind at the time who were all turning to marx. Keynes argued that, â€Å"mass unemployment had a single cause, inadequate demand, and an easy solution, expansionary fiscal policy. â €  (krugman 2006) this expansionary fiscal policy involved mass amounts of government spending; keynes argued that the nature of the spending was unimportant, as long as consumption was occurring. The proposal was that this major increase in spending would increase aggregate demand and put faith back into the consumer and Producer. Keynes proposal worked, unemployment was on the decline and gdp per capita was on the increase again (growth). However, the cost of returning to the road of prosperity is quite high. Let me turn the attention to the more recent significant disaster of the political economy, the global financial crisis. Without going into to detail of the causes of this catastrophe, the basic result was the same, gdp was decreasing with unemployment on the rise. Political figures of the time turned back to the analysis of keynes and implemented what he had proposed back in the 1930’s. That was to increase public spending. Different nations Implemented public spending in different ways, for example australia’s government endorsed the use of a stimulus package, which was simply just giving out lump sum payments in order to increase consumption. It could be argued that this is one of the more effective schemes in putting the economy back on it’s feet while in turmoil. Why? Because australia was one of the few western countries to avoid a recession as a result of the gfc. Note that the big powerhouse that is the us could not even achieve this. In order for an economy to return to economic growth in desperate times like the great depression of the 1930’s and the gfc in the Early 21st century, government spending must be increased. However, this comes at a grave cost. In order for governments to achieve this high level of spending it must run large budget deficits, that, depending on the severity of the economic state at the time, may take decades to return to a budget surplus. This means that governments will have to cut back spending, increase revenue (through taxes) or a combination of the two until it can finally return to producing a budget surplus. Coming back to keynes in comparison with smith and marx, keynes did not believe in capitalism in its greatest form, he argued that it was unstable. This Is evident from the economic history of the 20th and 21st century. Nor did he believe in the harshness of the communist state. He saw the need for government intervention and he was caught somewhere in between the two. While not intending to re- ­? Work the classical model that was a wealth of nations, keynes to a certain extent did just that. Most western societies today that see larger gdp per capita and strong rates of growth are capitalist nations, that have a government influence on trade and are able to control levels of inflation, the interest rate and level of unemployment to some degree. Conclusion in conclusion, the works Of adam smith and john maynard keynes have played a dramatic role into the development of the western world since the late 1700’s. Adam smiths first fundamental theorem of welfare economics was able to single handedly pull the western world out of decades of economic stagnation and return society to growth. John keynes was able to save the capitalist economy, on more than one occasion and even after his death. His contributions to the study of the political economy are considered fundamental to the way the political economy conducts it’s monetary and fiscal policy today. It is interesting to think had we not had smith’s a wealth of Nations and we were only left with marx as a leading political thinker how different the world may have turned out. References durkheim, e. (1893/1997) the division of labour in society, new york: free press. Hall, p. (1989) the political power of economic ideas: keynesian across nations (princeton, nj: princeton university press) krugman, p. (2006) introduction into the general theory of employment, interest and money, viewed 20/05/2013 pk archive. Marx, k. engels, f. (1848/1967) the communist manifesto, london: penguin. Pettinger, r, hague, r, harrop, m, bratton, j, sawchuck, p, forshow, c, callinan, m, corbett, m, mellahi, k, Morrell, k, wood, g, noon, m, blyton, p, boxall, p, purcell, j, burns, p, linstead, s, fulop, l, lilley, s morrison, j. (2012) introduction to management, palgrave macmillan: china. Raphael, d. (1985) adam smith, (oxford and new york: oxford university press) skidelsky, r. (2009) keynes: the return of the master (london and new york: penguin) skousen, m. (2007) the big three in economics: adam smith, karl marx and john maynard keynes, new york: m. E. Sharpe. Smith, a. (1776) [1993 edn] an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, ed. K. Sutherland (oxford and new york: oxford university press) appendix figure 1. 3