Caffeine Inhibited Saccharomyces Cerevisiae s Dna Repair...

Caffeine inhibited Saccharomyces cerevisiae’s DNA repair system by disrupting its recombinational process post UV-irradiation Alexa Alana, Annie Cribb, Tommy Paranzino Biology 131- L8 ABSTRACT Saccharomyces cerevisiae was tested for the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the presence of caffeine to observe whether the drug would enhance or inhibit the DNA’s recombinational repair process after the yeast has experienced UV damage. We hypothesized that caffeine would obstruct the yeast’s DNA repair process by interrupting its recombinational process post UV-irradiation, and we predicted that increasing caffeine levels would decrease percent survival. By exposing the yeast to three different caffeine concentrations (0, 5, and 10 mM) at 1x104 microjoules/cm2 of UV irradiation, we measured the effects of caffeine dosage on DNA repair. We reported that an increase in the caffeine concentration level causes a decrease in the percent survival, supporting our hypothesis. Caffeine, therefore, can be perceived as a model compound in the nullification of DNA-damage checkpoints. Moreover, the inhibition of the recombinational repair process provides a molecular e xplanation for the reduction of DNA-damage checkpoint responses and for the increased UV-sensitivity of caffeine-treated yeast cells. INTRODUCTION Ultraviolet (UV) light is an intermediate source of energy that can damage cells. The DNA in cells is especially sensitive to UV irradiation. The rings of the

Understanding Corporate Communications- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theUnderstanding Corporate Communications forObjectives. Answer: Introduction Corporate communications is an integrated communication approach between an enterprise and its key internal and external stakeholders. Typically, every company has a set of missions, visions, and goals, which it means to pursue[1]. It is the role of the corporate communications department to understand the companys intended strategic direction and create synergy by communicating clearly to the various stakeholders in order to achieve success[2]. This essay will thus explore the functions of corporate communication and how it could very well define the success of an organization using British airways reorganization in 1987 as a case study. It will explain the relationship between a firms mission, vision, and goals to its communications strategy. More to this, the paper will go on further to expound on the various internal and external stakeholders of a company; their roles and impact on the firm. Lastly, it will look at the various disciplines in corporate communications such as corpo rate social responsibility and public relations and mention real examples. Corporate missions, purpose and objectives Organizations develop an individualistic foundation of plausible values demonstrated by a vision to be undertaken by the firms mission statement[3]. The former coupled with goals setting is particularly significant in the strategic direction of a company. Therefore, the corporate communications practitioners must familiarize with these three important aspects in order for it to carry out its task. Goals are generally guiding principles not only for management but also for employees in terms of establishing precise direction and coordination of activities within the firm. On a competitive viewpoint goals help in distinguishing a company from its rivals[4]. It provides motivation and understanding of what employees should be working towards achieving. According to Kokemuller (2009), goals also drive innovation, research, and development, marketing strategy as well as service delivery. This in turn gives the organization an upper hand in the market position. The mission statement, on the other hand, defines the fundamental objectives of the organization[5]. In brief, it summarizes what the company is about, the way of operation, its core values and how the organizations intend to achieve its vision. Therein, the vision narrates the future of organizations in fulfillment of its mission. Comprehensively, the mission, vision and goals of a company in essences describe a company to its employees, management, shareholders let alone the public[6]. A well-fabricated statement of these three aspects would, however, be purposeless if not properly conveyed to the stakeholder, hence, the need for corporate communications department in a company. For that reason, corporate communications has to work hand in hand with the senior management to deliver the companys objectives effectively. British Airways is the largest airline in the UK formed in 1974 and currently operating a fleet of 270 aircrafts (Britishairways.com, 2018). During the 1970s oil crisis, British Airways experienced massive financial losses as it struggled to maintain its large workforce. It developed poor services that led to a decrease in customer base. When Lord King, was brought in as the new chairpersons in 1981 he restructured the entire organization. He reduced the workforce, eliminated routes that were unprofitable and modernized fleet. This lead to massive increase in profits to $284 million 10 years later, recorded as the largest profits during that time. This success can be attributed to the ability of lord king to communicate effectively to all shareholders of the company. He clearly explained the new vision of the company while making clear his reasons for restructuring and layoffs in a transparent way. From this illustration, it is clear that communication is a key factor for any strateg y an organization chooses to undertake. The role of corporate communications in modern organizations As mentioned earlier, importance is accorded to the various stakeholders of a company due to their ability to shape the companys operations[7]. Internal stakeholders include, employees, managers and shareholders. There have been rapid changes in the work force over the last century whereby the new generation of employees demands more than just monetary gain from their workplace[8]. Whilst previously, money was a motivator for most people, recent developments are that satisfaction of employees can be linked to the company values and culture. Other factors leading to employee satisfaction include, leadership, opportunities for career advancement, security, fair treatment and welfare (Chamberlain 2017). Poor organizational communication could be detrimental to an organization as it could lead to a breakdown in trust between workers and management, low productivity, inefficiency and ultimately high turnover. Corporate practitioners are obliged to take into account the various need of the se employees and communicate the same to managers. Every stakeholder has certain needs with regards to the corporation. All these need should be well articulated by the corporate communications department for the advancement and success of the company. Shareholders, including individual, institutional and general investors have a right to be provided with information concerning the company on a timely, equal and comprehensible manner. Information to be provided to shareholders includes financial information, strategic direction, performance, corporate governance and risk management measures. The corporate communications department has a responsibility to ensure that shareholders are provided with information in order for them to make informed decisions about their investment in the company. Communications could be via any channel accessible to the shareholders such as the annual reports, annual general meeting or any other meeting necessary to them. Notably, constant sharing of information with the shareholder leads to transparency and better working relationships with the organization. External stakeholders include, the customers, the media, the general public, labor unions. The world has changed and the whole media matrix has changed too. The media has always works as an important catalyst in communication to external stakeholders. It can either serves as a platform to advertise a brand or as a tool to convey important information to the public (Frederick 2018). Undoubtedly though the media is an instrument for growth of a firm, it could be the means to the downfall of a company. In truth, yet unfortunate, the media thrives on the negative news. A media house may jump at an opportunity to publicize bad new since it sells more. The corporate communications personnel in a company has a role to play in managing what the media covers about the organization to maintain the reputation of the company. Media could be in the form of print media, televised media or social media. Functions of corporate communications personnel in this case extends over to organizing for news conferences, planning for banners, logistic and overall content to be sent out to the press. Media relations also involve organizing for a spokesperson for a televised program or radio program[9]. In crisis management, the way in which an organization deals with crisis could be the very indication of its survival and profitability in the future or the thread line by which the company crumbles. Corporate communication though a relatively new mantra in the corporate world is meant to assist the organization in times of crisis[10]. Labor related unrest is the most crisis faced by organizations across the globe. Some other forms of crisis would include pollution of environment by the firm, critical accidents at work, violence and layoffs. It encompasses strikes, violence or picketing by the public, labor unions or employees. Crisis is brought about by a breakdown in communication and should be addressed immediately but with caution. The corporate communication provides content and training to staff throughout out the organization on how to handle crisis. They also provide content for delivery in media coverage. In crisis involving employee strikes, for instance, it would be advisa ble for communication to not be on sided. Communication should reflect the standpoint of not only the management but the employees as well. Crisis management strategy laid out by the communication personnel should be quick, honest, transparent and non- biased. Further more, communication to management on crisis should be a continuous regular process and not a one-time action for it to be effective. Corporate social responsibility refers to business practice that surpasses making profits. It requires that an organist ion should be socially and environmentally responsible in their operations. While corporate social responsibility should be an independent function, it can be leveraged for corporate communication gains. Pursuing Corporate social responsibility could have extensive benefits for a firm in branding it self. Corporate social responsibility necessitates the need for an organization to understand the implications of its operations on the environment. It appreciates preventative measures and technologies that are environmental friendly. Moreover a companys participations in community projects wins over the societies loyalty towards the corporation. Other than actively engaging in community projects and environment conservation movements Corporate social responsibility involves shinning light on inclusivity. A move aimed at appreciating diversity in gender identities and s exual orientations, variations in culture and translating the same in recruitment of the workforce. It is a strategic movement that involves the firm spending part of its revenue in non- income generating activities which eventually through loyalty of customers translates into more revenue. Ultimately for a company to thrive it must establish a good reputation with the customers, workforce, employees, shareholders, media and the public[11]. They are the opinion makers and shapers. Framing of the reputation is works do the public relations department. Public relations are about earning the respect of the media and public and are very different form advertising. Whereas advertising involves payment for exposure, Public relations entails a strategic approach in publicizing the organization in tactics that draw positive attention[12]. Companies need to have long term indicators of their success instead of short term revenue gains. Public relations contribute to the perceptions that are shaped by media and opinion makers, socio-cultural publics and public affairs, that is government relations[13]. Since public relations involve communication it is also a function integrated within the corporate communications task. An introduction to corporate structures and corporate governance Corporate governance is a system by which a company is directed and controlled. The objective of corporate governance is to make superior decisions that make a corporation more competitive and successful in the long run[14]. One of the key issues that drive a company to success is the establishment of a systematic functional flow of information. It is there essential for there to be proper communications channels for information flow that is accurately and timely delivered. Prosperity in the end for corporate governance can be looked at in whether it was able to achieve what it set out to do and the effectiveness of the strategy. Good corporate governance gives investors confidence and encourages them to invest more capital in the firm. Moreover, it saves on cost and leads to efficiency and effectiveness which consequently translates into more revenue for the corporation[15]. Corporations are designed to create profit while at the same time deliver value to the shareholders. In so doing they drive economic growth. As a corporation grows, they attract investors that provide capital for the continued development while giving the investors an opportunity to make profit[16]. There are three principal groups that govern corporations, these are; management, shareholders, and board of directors. The relationships of the three groups are defined in a corporations own charter and bylaws. Each company is different but they all have government superintendence. The management is tasked with the responsibility to plan, control, organize and monitor day-to-day activities of a company. Board of directors has the obligation to hire the CEO of a company as well as the managers. More over, they are responsible in assessing the overall direction and strategy set by the managers selected and ensure that the decisions made are in the best interest of the shareholders. They al so set the companys vision, mission and goals. Shareholders are also known as owners of the company, this is because they invest in the corporation by buying stock. They are the body responsible for electing the board of directors[17]. Conclusion In conclusion, the corporate communications department is commissioned to bring together all the different aspects and functions of a company into a single workforce via communication. The communication practitioners in conjunction with the management have an opportunity to recognize and diagnosed communication related issues and develop strategies to solve them. It is through clear divulgence of information to the various stakeholders that the company will be able to achieve synergy in working towards the actualization of goals it has set. Finally, the structure of an organization gives grounding for take off. This means that the core structure of the organization has a direct effect on the future performance of the company. Therefore, selection of board members, CEOs as well as management of a company should be weighed upon heavily as they could be the reason for success or failure of a company. References Bergstrom, guy. 2018. "Beginner's Guide To Basic Public Relations".The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-public-relations-and-how-do-you-do-it-2295982. Chamberlain, Andrew. 2017. "What Matters More To Your Workforce Than Money".Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2017/01/what-matters-more-to-your-workforce-than-money. Cornelissen, Joep. 2004.Corporate Communication. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Cornelissen, Joep. 2004.Corporate Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Frederick, Ann. 2018. "What Are The Functions Of A Corporate Communication Department?".Smallbusiness.Chron.Com. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/functions-corporate-communication-department-23716.html. Friedman, Benjamin M. 2009.Corporate Capital Structures In The United States. University of Chicago Press. Drucker, Poel. 1994. The theory of the business, Harvard BusinessReview, Sep. Oct, pp. 95 104 Wright, Joel. 2002. Mission and reality and why not?, Journal of ChangeManagement, 3, 1, pp. 30-44 Keasey, Kevin. 2007.Corporate Governance. 9th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kokemuller, Neil. 2009. "Why Is Goal Setting Important In Organizations?".Yourbusiness.Azcentral.Com. https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/goal-setting-important-organizations-9317.html. Perera, Shalini. 2011.Corporate Ownership And Control. 6th ed. Singapore: World Scientific. Riel, Cees B. M. van. 2011.Principles Of Corporate Communication. London: Prentice Hall. "Roles And Responsibilities Of Board Directors". 2013.Brefigroup.Co.Uk. https://www.brefigroup.co.uk/directors/directors_roles_and_responsibilities.html. Sabrautzki, Stefan. 2010.Strategies, Mission, Vision, Goals. Mu?nchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Shani, Abraham B, Debra A Noumair, and W. Warner Burke. n.d.Research In Organizational Change And Development. Tallant, James. 2011.Importance Of Vision, Mission, And Values In Strategic Direction. Munich: GRIN Verlag. Ushanov, P. V. 2015. "Crisis Management As A New Management Paradigm".Effective Crisis Management, no. 1: 66. doi:10.17747/2078-8886-2010-1-66-79. References Britishairways.com. (2018). History and heritage | Information | British Airways. [online] Available at: https://www.britishairways.com/es-es/information/about-ba/history-and-heritage [Accessed 15 Apr. 2018].

Critically examine the contributions of Adam Smith and John Keynes free essay sample

Essay topic: ‘critically examine the contributions of adam smith and john keynes to the study of the political economy and describe their contribution to current management practice. ’ introduction the names adam smith and john maynard keynes are considered to be two of the biggest influences of economics to date. Their contributions to the workings of society are unable to be quantified and although they have lived their lives, their work has seen the western world shape into what it is today. In this essay i pick out key parts of their work and critically discuss their influences on the inner workings of the world and society. Ealth of nations smith’s magnum opus an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, gained immediate success and the first edition sold out after only six months. Shortly after, the wealth of nations was translated into italian, french, german and many other languages. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically examine the contributions of Adam Smith and John Keynes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The book contains two major features; firstly, it provides a detailed examination of the mechanisms of the economy. Secondly, it details policy recommendations in favour of laissez- ­? Faire trade, that is, trade that is free ofgovernment restrictions. Shortly after the release of the wealth of nations, what are described today as western economies stopped economic stagnation dead in its tracks and the rate of growth of these nations increased at a dramatic rate. (see appendix 1. 1) this movement was then dubbed ‘the beginning of the industrial revolution. ’ (skousen, 2007) through smith’s study of the political economy he created the field of study that is known today as economics. He claimed that the purpose of economics was to â€Å"first, enable the people to supply a plentiful revenue for themselves and, second, to endow the state with sufficient revenue To provide public services. † (pettinger et al. 2012) it was to fulfill these purposes that he wrote a wealth of nations. The first fundamental theorem of welfare economics in his world wide accredited book, a wealth of nations, smith was in support of putting a stop to mercantilism in favour laissez- ­? Faire trade. Skousen argues, â€Å"mercantilism was antigrowth and shortsighted† (skousen 2007, p. 10) and only â€Å"[benefited] the producers and monopolists. † smith proposed that the key to economic prosperity is via ‘natural liberty. ’ this natural liberty involved the free movement of labour, capital, money and goods. He believed in the Natural workings of the market and that they should be left alone by government. Smith (1776 [1993], p. 423) wrote ‘by pursuing his own self interest, every individual is lead by an invisible hand to promote the public interest. † this invisible hand theory went on to be known as the first fundamental theorem of welfare economics. Smith explains his invisible hand theory via highlighting the relevance of mutual dependence via a simplistic statement; â€Å"it is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their self- ­? Interest. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 22) smith Aimed to provide growth and that is part of the purpose of the first fundamental theorem of welfare, to increase prosperity through growth. Smiths ‘invisible hand’ framework could only be achieved through a capitalist state and a competitive market base. Raphael (1985, p. 46) wrote, â€Å"this process is most successful when left to the play of natural forces, [smiths] analysis leads him to urge governments to let well alone. † given a non- ­? Barrier entry to a genuinely competitive market, high profits will encourage new entrants, driving profits down. Analogously, low profits or losses will discourage entrants and perhaps cause current Participants to leave the market, driving profit back up. The result is that through natural market forces, an equilibrium quantity and price for a commodity is naturally set by the market. Note that this new price and quantity is optimally efficient. As brilliant as smith was the perfectly competitive market structure did contain it’s flaws and could never truly occur in the workings of society. He was not naive in this fact and wrote that â€Å"people of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public in some contrivance to rise prices. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 232) even in this day and age capitalist governments will sometimes force a barrier to enter to some form of the market, a current example is the delivery of mail in the us, which is restricted and can only be carried out by the usps (united states postal service). Although a perfectly competitive market is impossible to truly achieve, there exists non- ­? Perfect competitive markets for which smith’s first fundamental theory of welfare economics still applies. The division of labour smith believed that economic growth was dependent on the division of labour. As the scale of the division of labour was restricted to the size Of the market base, it would follow transitive logic that continual economic growth required an ever growing market base. This division of labour had dire consequences to workers who had to complete mind numbing and repetitive tasks in their daily work. Smith claimed that the labourer â€Å"has no occasion to exert his understanding†¦ and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 782) this effect of the division of labour became known as ‘alienation. ’ emile durkheim argued, â€Å"the increasing division of labour has enormous implications for the structure of society.† (pettinger 2012, p. 100) the division of labour that smith refers to is considered an ‘abnormal’ form of the division of labour to durkheim. In the division of labour in society, durkheim argues, â€Å"there [is] no necessary correlation between increased division of labour and decreasing solidarityà ¢â‚¬  (pettinger 2012, p. 101) if anything, the structures of the division of labour could be reworked to increase solidarity and use interdependence as a positive influence in the workforce. The key to providing solidarity is through the range of skills and capabilities in the working group of civilization. This is supported by durkheim, â€Å"the Sole cause then determining how labour is divided up is the diversity of abilities. † (durkheim, 1893 [1997] p. 313) a range of abilities is thus key to fight the effects of alienation. It is of belief that smith was aware of this well before durkheim wrote the division of labour in society. While smith was a true believer in the free and open market, he was no pure libertarian. He acknowledged the government’s role in society for purposes such as law, national defence and public works and education. In a wealth of nations he distinguished education in terms of its purpose specifically to stamp out alienation when he wrote in favor Of â€Å"universal public education to counter the alienating and mentally degrading effects of specialization (division of labour) under capitalism. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 734 – 735) through further education, the ‘diversity of abilities’ discussed earlier can be enhanced, which results in turn, to a decrease in alienation. Spending vs. Saving and government persuasion. Smith explores the contrast of spending and saving in a wealth of nations. He is fearful of excessive spending and argues that it â€Å"can lead to insufficient capital for growth or the existing numbers of productive labour. † (raphael 1985) it is important to note here That the spending that smith refers to is non- ­? Inclusive of spending in investment, it refers to consumption only. Smith delves into why we spend and argues, â€Å"the principle, which prompts to expense, is the passion for present enjoyment. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 341) smith also explores the idea that people save in order to increase their standing of living and implies that saving, to a certain extent, is a natural part of human nature; â€Å"the principle which prompts us to save, is the desire of bettering our condition, a desire which†¦ comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us until we go into the grave† (smith 1776 [1993]  P. 341). Whilst smith implies it is a natural instinct to save, the government’s reserve bank actually plays a role in creating incentives to spend or save. They are able to do this through monetary policy. The effect on providing an incentive to spend or save may or may not be a direct consequence of the implementa tion of monetary and fiscal policy. For example, an economies reserve bank can use monetary policy in order to increase or restrict the supply of money, thus affecting the cash rate and in turn affecting ones incentive to spend or save. Rationally speaking, if the cash rate and in turn the interest rate available for Savings is high, one is more inclined to save their money. This goes analogously for a low cash rate, which provides incentives to spend, as the opportunity cost of spending money is less. Low interest rates also provide incentive to borrow and invest in capital. While the intention was not to completely discredit smith, as this use of monetary policy came about well after his time, it appears that the desire which ‘comes with us from the womb’ to save can in fact be intentionally or unintentionally influenced by the government. The biggest threat to capitalism – karl marx in the century following that of the life of adam smith, Came the biggest threat to his workings, karl marx. Skousen highlights the comparison between marx and smith, â€Å"smith argued that the individuals pursuit of self interest would lead to an outcome beneficial to all, where as marx argued that the pursuit of self interest would lead to anarchy, crisis and the dissolution of the private property based system itself. † (skousen 2007, p. 66) marx was a firm believer in the communist state. He believed that the capitalist system only benefited the rich and took advantage of the poor. When comparing economies of varying economic freedom, it can be found that the higher degree of freedom in The economy, the higher the countries per capita gdp (see appendix 1. 2). Note that per capita gdp is a common measure of the standard of living. Furthermore when comparing the percentage of the whole us population with basic utilities such as water, electricity as well as basic needs such as refrigeration and a household toilet, with the us population that were considered to be ‘poor’ with the same utilities and basic needs, the numbers are undeniably in favor of capitalism (see appendix 1. 3). For example the whole of the us population with flush toilets went from 15% in 1900 to 99% of the population who were considered poor. In Conclusion, â€Å"free economies are richer. † (skousen year, p. 31) this goes onto support capitalism and smith’s first fundamental theorem of welfare economics. Smith argued â€Å"both rich and poor benefit from a liberal economic system† (skousen year, p. 34) and that â€Å"universal opulence†¦ extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people. (smith 1776, p. 11) it is clear that the poor also benefit from a capitalist state and whilst marx is still considered a genius by many, some of his views were, in fact quite extreme. Capitalism takes another hit – john maynard keynes to the rescue adam smiths lassez- ­? Faire market framework falls under Siege again, this time not by man, but by the great depression of the 1930’s. â€Å"in the middle of the great depression, the best and the brightest intellectuals embraced marxism, but not keynes. † (skousen 2007, p. 157) while keynes was attempting to write his own theory into the frameworks of the economy, the general theory of employment, interest and money, he unintentionally saves the faith in the open market at the time. John maynard keynes did not have faith in the ability of the free and open market to correct itself and knew that it was inherently unstable, but nor was he a believer in the communist state backed by marx. (skousen  2007) keynes solution to the mass unemployment of the 1930’s (in some nations more than 25%) was simple, yet not thought of by any other great mind at the time who were all turning to marx. Keynes argued that, â€Å"mass unemployment had a single cause, inadequate demand, and an easy solution, expansionary fiscal policy. â €  (krugman 2006) this expansionary fiscal policy involved mass amounts of government spending; keynes argued that the nature of the spending was unimportant, as long as consumption was occurring. The proposal was that this major increase in spending would increase aggregate demand and put faith back into the consumer and Producer. Keynes proposal worked, unemployment was on the decline and gdp per capita was on the increase again (growth). However, the cost of returning to the road of prosperity is quite high. Let me turn the attention to the more recent significant disaster of the political economy, the global financial crisis. Without going into to detail of the causes of this catastrophe, the basic result was the same, gdp was decreasing with unemployment on the rise. Political figures of the time turned back to the analysis of keynes and implemented what he had proposed back in the 1930’s. That was to increase public spending. Different nations Implemented public spending in different ways, for example australia’s government endorsed the use of a stimulus package, which was simply just giving out lump sum payments in order to increase consumption. It could be argued that this is one of the more effective schemes in putting the economy back on it’s feet while in turmoil. Why? Because australia was one of the few western countries to avoid a recession as a result of the gfc. Note that the big powerhouse that is the us could not even achieve this. In order for an economy to return to economic growth in desperate times like the great depression of the 1930’s and the gfc in the Early 21st century, government spending must be increased. However, this comes at a grave cost. In order for governments to achieve this high level of spending it must run large budget deficits, that, depending on the severity of the economic state at the time, may take decades to return to a budget surplus. This means that governments will have to cut back spending, increase revenue (through taxes) or a combination of the two until it can finally return to producing a budget surplus. Coming back to keynes in comparison with smith and marx, keynes did not believe in capitalism in its greatest form, he argued that it was unstable. This Is evident from the economic history of the 20th and 21st century. Nor did he believe in the harshness of the communist state. He saw the need for government intervention and he was caught somewhere in between the two. While not intending to re- ­? Work the classical model that was a wealth of nations, keynes to a certain extent did just that. Most western societies today that see larger gdp per capita and strong rates of growth are capitalist nations, that have a government influence on trade and are able to control levels of inflation, the interest rate and level of unemployment to some degree. Conclusion in conclusion, the works Of adam smith and john maynard keynes have played a dramatic role into the development of the western world since the late 1700’s. Adam smiths first fundamental theorem of welfare economics was able to single handedly pull the western world out of decades of economic stagnation and return society to growth. John keynes was able to save the capitalist economy, on more than one occasion and even after his death. His contributions to the study of the political economy are considered fundamental to the way the political economy conducts it’s monetary and fiscal policy today. It is interesting to think had we not had smith’s a wealth of Nations and we were only left with marx as a leading political thinker how different the world may have turned out. References durkheim, e. (1893/1997) the division of labour in society, new york: free press. Hall, p. (1989) the political power of economic ideas: keynesian across nations (princeton, nj: princeton university press) krugman, p. (2006) introduction into the general theory of employment, interest and money, viewed 20/05/2013 pk archive. Marx, k. engels, f. (1848/1967) the communist manifesto, london: penguin. Pettinger, r, hague, r, harrop, m, bratton, j, sawchuck, p, forshow, c, callinan, m, corbett, m, mellahi, k, Morrell, k, wood, g, noon, m, blyton, p, boxall, p, purcell, j, burns, p, linstead, s, fulop, l, lilley, s morrison, j. (2012) introduction to management, palgrave macmillan: china. Raphael, d. (1985) adam smith, (oxford and new york: oxford university press) skidelsky, r. (2009) keynes: the return of the master (london and new york: penguin) skousen, m. (2007) the big three in economics: adam smith, karl marx and john maynard keynes, new york: m. E. Sharpe. Smith, a. (1776) [1993 edn] an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, ed. K. Sutherland (oxford and new york: oxford university press) appendix figure 1. 3

Skeptical and Layman Competence

Critical thinking is an interesting and important branch of knowledge. The ability to think critically equips one with the knowledge to evaluate and make informed decisions out of situations. Being skeptical, optimistic and confident are all elements of critical thinking that are crucial in decision making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Skeptical and Layman Competence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Battersby is a university lecturer who teaches critical thinking. His sister-in-law was diagnosed with lung cancer and obviously this sounded like a death penalty warrant. However, Battersby’s extensive critical analysis skills drove him a point further to unearth the finer details of the diagnosis and these turned out to be the basis of appreciation of layman’s competency. More so, in reference to the above scenario as a piece to be analyzed on the basis of critical thinking, the main argument will b e whether Battersby was justified to be skeptical about the pathologist’s diagnosis. Is it right for one to doubt expertise contribution in any given situation? Battersby was right to seek an extra explanation from the initial cancer diagnosis. Further exploration of the argument qualifies it to be a cogent argument. Furthermore, it is relevant to the context of critical thinking and clearly explores issues that sufficiently emphasize the importance of critical thinking thus making it acceptable. An individual is allowed to seek more elaborate explanations of expertise work especially where one is skeptical about the same work. It is also acceptable that doctors, just like any other experts can make mistakes since they might not always be precise and accurate. Nevertheless, one can easily detect such mistakes by critically analyzing the expert’s contribution. When Battersby’s sister in-law was diagnosed with lung cancer, Battersby accepted the results. However, he doubted the fact that the affected cells were not identical meaning the cancer had metastasized and therefore a surgical operation to save her was ruled out. Cancer patients with metastasized conditions do not live beyond five years in this condition. Battersby felt that the doctors had not done enough to save the sister in-law. It is this confidence that prompted him to go an extra mile to ascertain the validity of the diagnosis. Therefore, Battersby and his wife chose to undertake further research about lung cancer and their findings amazed everyone. They discovered that the pathologist had not yet tried the DNA test. Indeed the DNA test revealed that the cancer had not metastasized and an operation was possible to cure the patient. The desire to do this research was solely driven by a desire to have the sister alive and the unwavering hope that something could still be done.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wit h 15% OFF Learn More The topic of cancer diagnosis is also relevant to the whole issue of critical thinking. Battersby critically thought about the diagnosis before finally developing a skeptical approach. Using critical thinking skills he opted not to carry out a re-diagnosis about the sister’s condition but rather engage his wife to jointly do more research on lung cancer. These are all as a result of critical thinking. Layman competence is also supported by critical thinking. For instance, Battersby is a lecturer who decides to carry out research on a medical condition. These are two independent expertise fields which are not related. Therefore Battersby critically explored all the methods for diagnosing cancer before he finally established that DNA tests give undoubted results. Given that Battersby was not medical personnel, the arrival at DNA test as an alternative method for DNA is purely as a result of critical thinking. The article brings out sufficient groun ds that justify Battersby’s act of doubting the cancer diagnosis on his sister in-law. It was through such skeptic approach that the exact medical condition of the sister in-law was established. Her cancer had not metastasized. Subsequently, a surgical operation was carried out and she is now healthy. This could have been different if Battersby and his wife accepted the initial results as given by the pathologist. The recommendation to have a DNA test carried out was given by Battersby and his wife. Doctors were convinced that they had done their best as far as the diagnosis of cancer is concerned. Thus, it is surprising that such like crucial medical recommendations are made by people outside the field of medicine. Layman competence thus helped to save Battersby’s sister in-law’s life. Battersby thus directed his critical thinking ability on the right path when he chose to seek more elaborate diagnosis besides the doctor’s findings. Conclusively, ideas b rought out from the read article reflect the true picture of what happens in the current society. People will stick to professional expertise contribution and ignore any other contribution from those outside the professional field in question. This article is thus relevant as it draws the readers’ mind to re-evaluate their critical thinking abilities as well as take time thinking about other possible contributions from people who might not be necessarily experts in the said field. The author chose to use a medical example with clearly calculated intend. The medical field is considered the most accurate and precise field. Thus the author insists on the importance of critical thinking. It is possible to identify tiny yet crucial mistakes through critical thinking just like Battersby. This essay on Skeptical and Layman Competence was written and submitted by user Samuel Heath to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Find Out How Accuplacer Can Help Your Essay

Find Out How Accuplacer Can Help Your EssayThe best way to prepare for an Accuplacer sample essay is to look for the sample essay topics, which will give you a feel of what it will be like to write an academic paper. There are several steps you need to take in order to gain access to these sample essays. The Accuplacer will help you in all your preparation needs.Accuplacer allows you to obtain at least ten sample essays in the form of exercises. It also gives you the facility to publish a number of these essays on your own blog or website. You have the liberty to post the essays on your website for the benefit of others. There is no doubt that writing essays will help you in enhancing your writing skills.You can make use of the Accuplacer sample essays to sharpen your writing skills. These articles are written with a formal approach and will reflect your focus, which you will come across in your final writing project. Hence, you will be able to develop a better writing style as well as develop the knack of writing properly.With this feature, you will be able to get a professional and expert aid. They will guide you from beginning to end. This is a smart move, since you need a hands-on guide to work through the project.The essays will contain both student and teacher oriented questions. This will provide you with a clear picture of the type of question you should pose. Hence, it will help you immensely in creating a cohesive composition. You will be able to write concisely and effectively.The benefit of using the Accuplacer is that you get to use it for only a limited time. You can use the same question and answer session on different occasions to refresh your memory. You can do so by replying to the questionnaires sent to you via email.The other benefit is that you will be able to take the answers to the essay and compile them into one article. You will not need to go through each and every question as you will be given a list of questions that you need to answ er. Hence, you will not have to spend time compiling the answers and answering them in depth.You will be able to find the sample essay topics by searching online. You can also check out the online services of Accuplacer for composing your own essay for publication. You will be able to gain access to this service free of cost.

10 Division Essay Topics on Remote Sensing and Earth Science

10 Division Essay Topics on Remote Sensing and Earth Science Welcome to our first and foremost guide, 10 facts for a division essay on remote sensing and earth science. In this guide, you’ll learn fundamental facts about remote sensing and earth science, which you would then later utilize in your composition. This guide is followed by our second guide i.e. 20 topics for division essay on remote sensing and earth science, which includes 20 relevant topics and a sample essay on one particular topic. This guide will allow you to start writing immediately, without having a writer’s block. You’ll be able to correlate the facts along with the topics very easily. On the other hand, we also have a third guide, more like a writer’s manual. In this guide i.e. how to write a division essay on remote sensing and earth science, you’ll learn what essay really is and how it’s written. You’ll be able to beautify your composition with the techniques and methodologies discussed in it. We recommend you to go through every guide, no matter how much hurry you’re in, before you start writing. Getting a grip on all three of these guides will ensure that your division essay meets the expectations of your professor or instructor and your work is admired. With that being said, here are the 10 facts on remote sensing and earth science: The observation of objects and areas from Earths surface, without being in contact with that particular object or area, is known as remote sensing or earth observation. Remote sensing, in practical, is something we do in our day-to-day basis activities. For example, reading newspaper is one of the remote sensing activities as your eyes are not in contact with the words printed on the newspaper. Through this technology, you allow yourself to take images of the earth surface in various EMS (electromagnetic spectrum). In simple words, an image taken from remote sensing technology, allows it to represent the solar radiation (the reflected version of it), the near-infrared regions of EMS and the energy thats emitted by our planet i.e. Earth, which counts as a thermal infrared region. There are two major types of remote sensing systems. Active remote sensing uses its own energy that bounces back from the targeted object or area, which is measured in microwave region. Passive remote sensing, on the other hand, requires an outbound energy source, for example, a solar energy from sun. Vehicles used to capture space imagery, use both of these systems to provide accurate remote sensing data to users. When an object emits or reflects energy, which is then detected and measured by remote sensing systems, it is known as the detection and discrimination technique of these systems. Since objects are diversified and are unique in their own properties, they emit different kinds and amounts of energy that spreads through the EMS. Most of it depends on the structural, physical or chemical facts. But surface roughness, intensity, wavelength of energy or angle of incidence can also play a large role in the reflection of energy that is dispersed into different bands. A multi-disciplinary science is basically what we call remote sensing technology. It has a combination of disciplines that include but are not limited to: photography, electronics, computer, optics, spectroscopy, satellite launching, telecommunication etc. But all of these technologies are divided from a whole system in its own. This system is known as remote sensing system and there are a variety of remote sensing processes. Every one of these processes play a vital role in operating successfully. Today, remote sensing technology has allowed us to create a distinction between two similar objects. For example, a real vegetation and a camouflage. A camouflage can be discovered through remote sensing system. This is due to the fact that every object we find in nature has its own electromagnetic radiation. The distribution, emission, absorption and reflection of radiation vary from one another. However, the distinction can also be revealed through the size and shape of the object, or by determining the physical and chemical factors and properties. During the World War I and World War II, U.S., Europe and Grain Britain utilized remote sensing technology to take aerial photos that helped the military survey large area. The technology also allowed them to get fine details and plan accordingly. The aerial technology is used even today, and more widely. Civilians use it for a number of purposes including construction projects, route surveys, cadastral mapping and town mapping. Today, satellite images are used to provide a small to medium scale (low to medium resolution) mapping for surveys and monitoring of geology, forestry etc. But due to the development of satellite imaging technology, we can hope that future technology would provide much better (high-res) images. When data streaming is provided by scanning of samples or objects, it is electronically sampled into what we call pixels. This is achieved by a process of continuous scanning, in cross-track direction. There are a number of different types of scanners that are utilized today, for research and development, construction, manufacturing of vehicles etc. LIDAR scan is basically an imagery collection system. It uses digital camera systems, both live action (video) and photo cameras that are used to record the terrain. However, to obtain optimal quality image, its required to have the data processed through planimetric features. This technology is not used in modern era as much as other technological advancements are used today. There you have it. These 10 facts would absolutely have helped you get a grasp of what remote sensing really is and how it correlates with earth science. You can use these facts to think of a topic and expand on it so that you can easily write a nice division paper. Now, let’s head on to our second guide, i.e. 20 topics for a division essay on remote sensing and earth science. After that, we’re going to talk about the methodologies and techniques of composing a sublime division essay in our third guide i.e. how to write a division essay on remote sensing and earth science. References: Weng, Q. (2002). Land use change analysis in the Zhujiang Delta of China using satellite remote sensing, GIS and stochastic modelling. Journal of environmental management, 64(3), 273-284. Tucker, C.J., Vanpraet, C. L., Sharman, M. J., Van Ittersum, G. (1985). Satellite remote sensing of total herbaceous biomass production in the Senegalese Sahel: 1980–1984. Remote sensing of environment, 17(3), 233-249. Smith, L. C. (1997). Satellite remote sensing of river inundation area, stage, and discharge: A review. Hydrological processes, 11(10), 1427-1439. Schott, J. R. (2007). Remote sensing. Oxford University Press. Sweat v. Hull, 200 F. Supp. 2d 1162 (D. Ariz. 2001). Jensen, J. R. (2009). Remote sensing of the environment: An earth resource perspective 2/e. Pearson Education India. Blaschke, T. (2010). Object based image analysis for remote sensing. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, 65(1), 2-16.

Biometric System at Blackadder Recruitment-Free-Samples for Students

Discuss about the Biometric System at Blackadder Recruitment. Blackadder Recruitment is a Sydney based recruitment firm. They are known in the industry for providing best manpower services across industries. At this point of time, the organization is using the old register method to record the attendance of the employees. With increasing number of employees, this is b ing a difficult task for the HR as well as the payroll department to record the in-time, out-time, leaves and half-day work of the employees. Due to this, the HR team at Blackadder recruitment has proposed to implement automated system (Blackadder Recruitment 2018). Blackadder recruitment would be implementing biometric system to record the attendance. The biometric system would be directly linked to the payroll software. This will help the HR department to track the attendance of employees efficiently and also the salaries can be processed accordingly. Initially, the team size of the organization was just 12 employees and hence, the HR department was easily able to manage the attendance, in-time and out-time of all the employees, but now, the team size has increased to 60 and it is expected to increase more with acquisition of new clients. To have a proper system in place, the organization should implement biometric system. The employees will swipe their finger as and when they walk-in or walk-out and hence, attendance tracking would b e easy and at the same time, the employees cannot cheat. The system can a modate up to 3000 employees and hence, the organization can implement this once and it. The cost of the system is $5000 to $7000 and this is a one-time investment. The maintenance can be easily taken care by the existing IT department in the organization (Oh 2013). Blackadder recruitment can consider the below two organizations for the implementation of biometric system. PeopleKey and Biometix have shared their quotation with the HR department at Blackadder recruitment. The organization will have to make a sound decision based on their requirement. Upgrade (as and when new feature es up) After much thought and consideration, the organization decided to proceed with PeopleKey and few of the reasons are discussed below. It is merely impossible for the HR department to implement the system all alone. All the team leads and managers would be called for the implementation and they would be municated about the problems that the HR department is facing due to the register method which is currently used to record attendance. The employees are forging their in-time and out-time and also their leave record. The team leads and managers will accept to the fact that this is creating an impact on their productivity as well (McGorry 2015). All the team leads will municate to their respective team about the implementation of new biometric system and also the advantages of the same. In the meantime, a team from PeopleKey would meet up with the employees to understand their queries and sort it. There are possibilities that the system may be down sometimes and may not record the attendance so in such situations, this can be rectified by the HR team so this training was also provided to them. The HR department municated to employees about the problem with the old system and the benefits that they would reap by implementation of this. The organization will be paying overtime bonus to employees as an incentive and this motivated the employees to accept the change with open arms (King 2015). An implementation plan would ensure that the system is implemented successfully and it is as follows: - All the employees in the organization will have to follow the below procedure for usage of the system. All the employees in the organization should be involved in implementation process and hence, the below munication would be shared with the employees. We are growing and its proud feeling for each of us. With growth, the organization’s dependence on technology grows. To fulfill our requirement, we are implementing a biometric system for the purpose of recording the attendance. For the same, you need to meet up with the IT department to register your fingerprint. Once your fingerprint is registered, you just need to swipe your finger in the biometric system rather than that of being dependent on the old register method (Javalgi 2013). All the employees in the organization will be trained by the PeopleKey officials on how to use the system, the advantages and also the benefits that other similar organizations have found with the usage of this biometric. The IT employees in the organization will be hand holded for the first 2 months while they do the registration, this will make them feel confident. Similarly, the HR department will also be trained to make modifications from the backend. If there are any technical glitches, the IT or HR department can raise a service request on the portal and the same would be addressed by the concerned person in maximum of 48 working hours (Huggins 2015). Risk with implementation of biometric system and also the risk management plan Risks associated with implementation of this biometric system and also the risk management plans are as follows. Demotivation among employees as they may feel that the management doesn’t trust them There are possibilities that the system may not work due to technical glitches or power concern The criteria to monitor the performance of the system are as follows: - To ensure that the system is safe, the registration rights would be present with the IT department alone. Similarly, the right to rectify in-time and out-time in the system would lie with the HR alone. These credentials will not be shared with anyone else. Blackadder recruitment is growing continuously and hence, the organization would be soon implementing payroll software. At that point of time, the attendance software would be synced with the payroll software. The attendance will directly move to the payroll system so that the manual work can be reduced to a great extent. The biometric system is already synced to the existing intranet and it is capable enough to hold the attendance record of 3 years. To be on the safer side, the attendance of all employees would be recorded in the file on monthly basis (Hemphill 2013). With the implementation of biometric system, the below aspects of business has improved. The changing business needs which needs to be addressed by the management are as follows: - To start with, the management should allow the employees to regularize their attendance (Herciu   2013). The munication that would be shared with the employees is as follows: - The employees can regularize their attendance rather than sharing an email request to the manager and then the HR. Please visit the pany’s portal, login and click on regularize option. Over here, you will see your existing time and you can enter the new time. Once done, click on submit. This would go to your manager for approval. Once approved, the revised time would be visible on your portal (Hunseok 2013). The HR department will give face-to-face training to all employees so that they can understand the regularization process. After that, a video would be recorded and this video would be shared with all the employees so that they can view it, as and when required. The implementation of biometric system at Blackadder recruitment will help the employees to view their actual attendance at all point of time. The payroll department can also easily plete the payroll without any errors. Blackadder Recruitment, 2018, Multi Specialist, Cross Sector, Viewed on March 14, 2018, https://blackadder .au Biometix, 2018, Consult, Viewed on March 14, 2018, https://www.biometix /consult/ Hunseok, O, 2013, How can we assess and evaluate the petitive advantage of a country’s human resource development system? Asia Pacific Education Review, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 151-159 Herciu, M,   2013, Measuring international petitiveness of Romania by using porter’s diamond and revealed parative advantage, Procedia Economics and Finance, vol. 6, pp. 273-279 Hemphill, T, 2013, China’s National Champions: The evolution of a National industrial policy – or a new era of economic protectionism? Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 193-212 Hiziroglu, M, 2013, An investigation on petitiveness in services: Turkey versus European Union, Journal of Economic studies, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 775-793 Huggins, R, 2015, The petitive advantage of nations: origins and journey, petitiveness review, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 458-47 Javalgi, R, 2013, Strategies for sustaining the edge in offshore outsourcing of service: the case of India, Journal of Business & Industrial marketing, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 475-486 Ketelhohn, N, 2015, The central American petitiveness initiative, petitiveness Review, vol. 25, 25, no. 5, pp. 555-570 King, K, 2015,   A disadvantaged advantage of walkability: findings from socioeconomic and geographical analysis of national built environment data in the United States, American journal of epidemiology, vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 17-25 Mallya, S, 2014, Block Building Corporate and Nations: Global Strategy, SCMS Journal of Indian Management , vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 11-19 McGorry, P, 2015, Australian early psychosis research network: National collaboration, international petitive advantage, vol. 202, no. 4, pp. 170-178 Oh, H, 2013, parative analysis of OECD member countries’ parative advantage in National Human Resource development system, Asia Pacific Education Review, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 189-208 PeopleKey, 2018, Time and Attendance, Viewed on March 14, 2018, https://www.peoplekey /time-attendance/ With a decade's experience in providing essay help, The management will explain the concern that the HR department and the payroll department is facing due to the manual way of attendance recording The employees will be paid overtime whenever they work for long hours If the employee wants to leave 2 hours early for personal work or due to no work in office then the manager can approve the same and no salary would be deducted for the same The employees will have to record attendance in the register for few days The attendance record would be updated by the HR department from the The IT department would be trained to address the technical glitches so that the dependency on PeopleKey technicians can be reduced to a great extent (Hiziroglu 2013).